With a population of some 7 million, the Kazakhs constitute the second largest "nationality" into which the Muslims of the Soviet Union have been divided. They differ from most other Soviet Muslims in their centuries of contact with Russians and having been the best integrated into Soviet policy; thus, the evolution of Kazakh relations with Moscow is likely to serve as a bellwether for all Soviet Muslims.
Olcott emphasizes the importance of cultural autonomy in the Kazakhs' ability to maintain their identity. Although heavily influenced by Russian ways, she suggests that a new phase of assertiveness lies ahead. That Kazakhs have a very high birth rate and are likely to outnumber the Slavs in Kazakhistan before long is the new key development. It encourages the Kazakhs to become more assertive about their history, religion and language. Indeed, the Kazakhs' heavily politicized culture could offer a basis for "another long period of Russian-Kazakh antagonism" and eventual efforts toward controlling their own political life.
