The interior ministers of two German states have recently advanced important measures for containing radical Islam. They bear close attention across the West.
 Heribert Rech |
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In Baden-Wurtenberg, Heribert Rech of the ruling Christian Democratic Union party has overseen the administering of a 30-topic loyalty test for applicants to become naturalized citizens. Following an intensive and sophisticated study by the Baden-Wurtenberg government of Muslim life, it developed a manual for the naturalization authorities explaining that applicants for citizenship must concur with the "free, democratic, constitutional structure" of Germany.
Because survey research finds that 21% of Muslims living in Germany believe the German constitution irreconcilable with the Koran, the written yes-no questions of yesteryear are history for Muslim applicants for citizenship. As of January 1, 2006, immigration officers who suspect Islamist leanings are instructed to probe further. Personal interviews will now last an hour or two and will be given to an estimated half of naturalization applicants.
The questions amount to a summary of Western values. What do you think of democracy, political parties, and religious freedom? What would you do if you learned about a terrorist operation underway? Views of the attacks of September 11, 2001, are a "key issue," the director of the alien registration office in Stuttgart, Dieter Biller, said: Were Jews responsible for it? Were the 19 hijackers terrorists or freedom fighters? Finally, nearly two thirds of the questions concern gender issues, such as women's rights, husbands beating wives, "honor killings," female attire, arranged marriages, polygyny, and homosexuality.
Responding to critics, the Interior Ministry denies discrimination against Muslims, insisting on the need to find out whether the applicants' expressed views on the German constitution correspond to their real views. Applicants who pass the test and are granted citizenship could later lose that citizenship if they act inconsistently with their "correct" answers.
Adding extra requirements of Muslim applicants for citizenship is not unique to Germany; in Ireland, for example, male candidates are made to swear they will not marry more than one wife.
 Uwe Schünemann |
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The second initiative originates in Lower Saxony, where the interior minister, Uwe Schünemann, also a CDU member, has stated he would consider making radical Islamists wear electronic foot tags. Doing so, he says, would allow the authorities "to monitor the approximately 3,000 violence-prone Islamists in Germany, the hate preachers [i.e., Islamist imams], and the fighters trained in foreign terrorist camps." Electronic tags, he suggested, are practical "for violence-prone Islamists who can't be expelled to their home countries because of the threat of torture" there.
The electronic tagging of terror suspects is also not unprecedented. In Britain, the method has been used since March 2005 and, other than a glitch-plagued start, it has been applied to ten suspects with reasonable success. In Australia, counterterrorism measures implemented last month permit tagging for up to a year.
But Mr. Schünemann's proposal goes well beyond these applications, tagging not just potential terrorists, but also "hate preachers" who break the law not by personally engaging in violence but by articulating beliefs that encourage others to terrorism. Tagging them breaks new conceptual ground by aggressively going to the ideological source of violence.
It has potentially large implications. If hate preachers are tagged, why not the many other non-violent Islamists who also help create an environment promoting terrorism? Their ranks would include activists, artists, computer gamers, couriers, funders, intellectuals, journalists, lawyers, lobbyists, organizers, researchers, shopkeepers, and teachers. In short, Mr. Schünemann's initiative could lead ultimately to the electronic tagging of all Islamists.
But electronic tags reveal only a person's geographic location, not his words or actions, which matter more when dealing with imams and other non-violent cadres. With due allowances for personal privacy, their speech could be recorded, their actions videoed, their mail and electronic communications monitored. Such controls could be done discreetly or overtly. If overt, the tagging would serve as a modern scarlet letter, shaming the wearer and alerting potential dupes.
The Schünemann proposal points to the urgent need to develop a working definition of Islamism and Islamists, plus the imperative for the authorities to explain how even non-violent Islamists are the enemy.
Messrs. Rech and Schünemann have presented two bold tactics for the defense of the West, premised in each case on an understanding that culture and ideas are the real battleground. I salute their creativity and courage. Who will next adapt and adopt these initiatives?
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Jan. 7, 2006 update: MilitantIslamMonitor.org has posted an English-language translation of the questions mentioned above at "German officials given list of questions to ask Muslim citizenship applicants in Baden -Wurtenberg."
Jan. 15, 2006 update: A second German state, Hesse, will also apply a special test to Muslim applicants for citizenship, Interior Minister Volker Bouffier has announced.
Jan. 16, 2006 update: Hamburg is also considering a test.
Nov. 23, 2009 update: The German federal government is thinking along similar lines, to develop what it calls an "integration contract" for immigrants.The integration commissioner, Maria Böhmer, explained: "All who want to live and work here for the long run must say yes to our country. To this belongs proficiency in the German language, but also a readiness to take part in society" and accepting German values such as freedom of speech and equal rights for women.
Jan. 30, 2017 update: Just in time for the Trump administration, I published today "Smoking Out Islamists via Extreme Vetting," which features 93 questions to ask of potential Muslim immigrants to the United States.
July 24, 2018 update: The Dutch government has instituted the Inburgeringsexamen, a civic integration exam. It includes seven parts:
- Reading – demonstrate your knowledge of being able to read in Dutch
- Writing – demonstrating your ability to be able to write in Dutch
- Listening – demonstrating your ability to be able to listen and understand the Dutch language
- Speaking – demonstrating your ability to be able to speak in Dutch
- The Dutch Labour Market – demonstrate your knowledge of the Dutch labour market
- The Knowledge of Dutch Society – demonstrate your knowledge of Dutch society
- Complete a participation statement
May 13, 2019 update: The Austrian government has delineated "Ten Commandments for Immigrants." They include learning German, obeying Austrian laws, adopting "Austrian values," raising children with those values, resolving conflicts without violence, respecting religious freedom, and preventing undue suffering to animals. The final commandment: "You must express gratitude to Austria."
Dec. 5, 2023 update: According to Deutsche Welle, "Applicants for naturalization in the eastern German state of Saxony-Anhalt are now required to declare their support for Israel's right to exist." Presumably, acceptance of Israel is proxy for not being Islamist.
Mar. 27, 2024 update: Germany's Interior Minister Nancy Faeser has decided to include questions about Judaism and Israel in a new citizenship test required for foreigners to acquire German nationality. "Antisemitism, racism, and other forms of contempt for humanity rule out naturalization. Anyone who does not share our values cannot get a German passport." According to Der Spiegel, "Applicants may be asked the name of the Jewish place of worship, the founding year of Israel or Germany's particular historical obligation to it. The punishments for Holocaust denial and the membership requirements for Jewish sports clubs would also be among the possible questions."
June 26, 2024 update: Faeser has gone further. According to one news account, Germany's Interior Ministry
said that the law on residence will be changed so that approving or promoting "a single terrorist crime" is grounds for a "particularly serious interest in expulsion." That means that in future a single comment that "glorifies and endorses a terrorist crime on social media" could constitute a reason for expulsion. Anyone who publicly approves of an offense "in a manner which is suited to causing a disturbance of the public peace" could also be expelled, and a conviction would not be required. Liking a social media post would not be sufficient grounds for deportation.
