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Plight of Jews in Iraq 1936-1941 with Farhud pogrom (Mufti, Rashid 'Ali, Al-Sab'awi, Akram Zuaiter and more)Reader comment on item: The Grand Mufti Submitted by Charles (United States), Jan 1, 2023 at 21:49 Ben-Jacob, Abraham. (1979 Edition: [https://books.google.com/books?id=jwBXAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A+%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97%22]) In the year 5696 (c. 1936), the riots broke out in the Land of Israel. Every minor agitation and every exaggerated news that reached Iraq by the Arab newspapers from the Land of Israel made wings to the detriment of the Jews there. From the day the riots began in Israel, Iraqi Jews avoided walking in the streets in the evening, even in the Jewish neighborhoods. Every Jewish institution and Jewish club was seen by the Arabs as "Zionist" and therefore it was permissible to burn and destroy it. The war against Zionism was officially waged. In the years 5696-7 (1936-7), ten Jews were murdered in Baghdad and Basra. There were many cases of robbery and looting by the Muslim mob. Bombs were dropped on Jewish clubs. The Jewish community closed for two days in 1937 to protest this inhumane treatment; and while the head of the community ("rayiys altaayifa"), Sasson Kaduri, appealed to the authorities to punish the rioters, we were asked to officially declare that the Jews of Iraq have nothing to do with their brothers in E.Y. [Palestine]. In Cheshvan 5697 (October 1936) there was a military revolution in Iraq under the leadership of General Bakr Sidqi al-Askari [بكر صدقي العسكري] The roots of the coup were rooted in the religious, racial and political differences that left their mark on the country from the day it was founded. All the previous ministers were dismissed and left the country. Yasin (Faha) al-Hashimi [ياسين الهاشمي], the previous prime minister (who at the time worked out extensive plans to undermine the existence of the Jews in Iraq and even prepared to go to Israel and catarize the Jews before the Peel Commission), also fled and found his death in Syria. The members of the new cabinet headed by Hikmat Sulayman did not show an overly negative attitude towards the Jews, although they did not show sympathy for them either. The revolution brought in its wake a change that was in favor of the Jews for a very short period of time. It distracted them from the Jews for a while and they were more interested in the results of the revolution and the new power relations. Bakr Sidqi, the initiator of the coup, was inclined to fascism. He carried out the massacre of the Assyrians and was called by the people of Iraq the "Conqueror of the Assyrians". The Jews, pressed between a rock and a hard place, did everything in their power to show their loyalty to the government of their country. Haj Amin Al Husseini, who was the mufti of Jerusalem, and some of his assistants from the Arabs of Eretz Israel ["Palestinians"] (such as: Akram Zuaiter [أكرم زعيتر] and Darwish Miqdadi [درويش مقدادي]) organized the anti-Jewish propaganda. With threats of death and by vile means, they extorted money from the Jews of Iraq for the terrorist fund that managed the disturbances in Palestine. The Jews of Babylon who never harmed their government and Iraqi nationalism in any way, bore their suffering and insult in silence and worried about their fate and their future. They put on the "sidara" (Iraqi national hat) on their heads and sent their sons to serve in the Iraqi army. Hundreds of young men served in this army and gave themselves up for their country. Instead of the Hebrew songs they used to sing in the previous years - they now started singing national Iraqi Arab songs. Shavuot Riots 1941 (June 1-2, 1941) Self-government in Iraq has never been stable. Between the years 1932-1950 it was ruled by three kings, 31 governments (compared to 14 in the years of the British mandate in 1921-1932); 9 houses of parliament (compared to 3 during the mandate period), of which only two (the one elected in 1939 and the last one) completed During their four years in office, there were also six coups, starting with the Bakr Sidki coup until the coup of 1941. The Second World War broke out on September 3, 1939, when the government in Iraq was in the hands of Nuri al-Said, known as pro-British. He fulfilled the terms of the 1930 treaty with Britain and severed Iraq's diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany and German subjects were imprisoned in Habaniah. His actions infuriated the pro-Nazis who were looking for an opportunity to overthrow the existing government. The curfew, Nouri al-Said and their supporters fled towards Jordan and from there to Palestine. Iraq betrayed England, only because of which it gained independence, and gave its hand to Nazi Germany. This slowness was in the minds and souls of the Jews. Immediately after the rise of Rashid Ali, the Iraqi Jews realized that their fate was sealed. The investigation proved that already at the beginning of May, with the outbreak of the rebellion, feverish preparations were made for a wild attack on the Jews. At the head of the mob was Younis A-Sabawi - a member of the Ministry and the leader of the national organization "Youth Squad" [Futuwwa]. The abominable propaganda was carried out in public meetings, in newspapers and on radio broadcasts day and night. He distributed weapons to the "youth squad", gathered the entire mob around him and put them in a "ready" state to carry out his plan. With the escape of Rashid Ali to Berlin, a provisional government was established in Baghdad. One of the representatives of the provisional government spoke on the radio on Shabbat, the eve of Shavuot, and announced that the next day (Sunday, 6 Sivan 5701) a legal government would be established and the blackout in the city would be abolished. On Sunday 6 Sivan, the curfew arrived at the Baghdad airport (about two kilometers from the city). The wild massacre began on Shavuot, Sunday and Monday, 6-7 in Sivan 5701 (June 1-2, 1941). On the first day before noon, the Jewish dignitaries went together with the other "dignitaries" to welcome the curfew. The uplifted mood of the Jews was not pleasant for the soldiers and civilian policemen; And on their return, together with the Muslim mob, they attacked the Jews in the main streets and massacred them. Jews sitting in cars and buses were taken out by force, beaten to death, slaughtered with swords and daggers in front of everyone. The bus drivers trampled over the bodies of the dead without any sense of morality. The mob was immediately joined by Muslim "respectables", school students, government officials, a large part of the civil and military police, policemen and officers. They divided the city into areas and began robbery and murder, from which they equipped themselves with rifles and pistols, and from which they killed with swords, daggers, knives, hatchets, bayonets and all destructive tools. The mass slaughter surrounded all the Jewish neighborhoods and especially the main streets of Baghdad, Al Rashid Street and Ghazi Street, which are inhabited by many Jews, and the Abu Sifan neighborhood. The rioters were not satisfied with only murder, they also resorted to severe torture. With great cruelty and savagery that cannot be described with a human pen. They abused, tortured and murdered every Jew who came near them: man and woman, old man and child; toddlers and suckling babies were murdered in the arms of their parents. They also attacked girls and women and raped them in front of the men and then abused them, cut them to pieces and spread their organs all over. On the second day, an order was given to the mob to go to the police headquarters and take weapons from there. Along with the murder, robbery and looting began in the city. Most of the houses and shops of the Jews were destroyed. The Jewish shops were marked with a red sign even earlier and because of that no non-Jewish shops were broken into. At the head of the robbers marched military and police personnel and they encouraged the mob to their heinous acts. Senior police officers brought trucks and loaded them with the property they looted from Jewish homes and shops. In the places close to the river and in the houses where wells were found - they threw the children and babies into the waters in front of their parents. The rioters also ran amok in the synagogues of the Jews and desecrated them. There is some truth to the widespread rumor that all the patients who were transferred to the government hospital under the management of Israel's torturer Dr. Saib Shawkat - were killed by poison. The Jews could not defend themselves against the wild crowd equipped with weapons. In individual houses, one Jew who possessed a weapon managed to save their lives. Other Jews, they used cold weapons to kill and be killed. The rest of the Jews got on the roofs of the houses and started running from one house roof to another. In the morning of the second day, while riots were raging outside Baghdad, the curfew was busy assembling the new government, and Jamil al-Madfai was appointed prime minister. At the same time at 10:45 a curfew order was broadcast on the radio. Around noon, a new Iraqi army entered the city from the north, which had vowed curfew training and was mostly made up of Kurds. This army was ordered to disperse the rioters. After a few shots the mob dispersed. Dozens of rioters were killed. In the afternoon there was silence in the killing town. ________ יהודי בבל מסוף תקופת הגאונים עד ימינו, ד"א תשצ"ח־ה"א תש"ך (1038-1960). מכון בן־צבי באוניברסיטה העברית, על ידי הוצאת קרית ספר, 1965 [https://books.google.com/books?id=jwBXAAAAMAAJ&q=לערוך+טבח] [על רדיפות אלה נתפרסמה בזמנו תגובה בכל העיתונות העברית בארץ-ישראל והעתונות היהודית בארצות אחרות. ראה גם "די אידן - רדיפות אין איראק" , "אידישע בילדער", 11 בנובמבר 1938, גל' 45, עמ' 23-24, שם מצויות גם כמה תמונות של יהודים בגדאדים העוסקים בריקמה ובאריגה.] בשנת תרצ"ו פרצו המהומות בארץ-ישראל. כל תסיסה קלה וכל ידיעה מגזמת שהגיעה לעיראק על ידי העתונות הערבית מארץ-ישראל עשתה לה כנפיים לרעת היהודים שם. מיום שהחלו המהומות בא"י נמנעו יהודי עיראק מלהתהלך ברחובות בשעות הערב, אפילו בשכונות היהודיות. כל מוסד יהודי ומועדון יהודי נראה בעיני הערבים כ"ציוני" ועל כן מותר היה לשרפו ולהרסו. המלחמה נגד הציונות התנהלה באורח רשמי. בשנות תרצ"ו - תרצ"ח נרצחו עשרה יהודים בבגדאד ובבצרה. אירעו הרבה מקרי שוד וגזל על ידי האספסוף המוסלמי. הוטלו פצצות על מועדונים יהודיים. הקהילה היהודית שבתה בשנת תרצ"ז יומיים לאות מחאה על יחס בלתי אנושי זה ; ובשעה שראש הקהילה ("רייס אל טאייפה"), ששון כצ'ורי, פנה לשלטונות בבקשה להעניש את הפורעים, נתבקש להצהיר רשמית כי אין ליהודי עיראק שום קשר עם אחיהם אשר בציון. בחשון תרצ"ז (אוקטובר 1936) היתה מהפכה צבאית בעיראק בראשות הגנראל בכר צדקי פחה עסכרי. שרשי ההפיכה היו נעוצים בהבדלים הדתיים, הגזעיים והפוליטיים שהטביעו את חותמם על המדינה מיום הווסדה. כל השרים הקודמים הודחו ועזבו את המדינה. בכר צדקי, מחולל ההפיכה, נטה לפשיזם. הוא ערך את הטבח באשורים וכונה בפי תושבי עיראק בשם "מנצח האשורים". היהודים, לחוצים בין הפטיש והסדן, עשו את כל אשר ביכולם כדי להראות את נאמנותם לממשלת ארצם. פרעות חג השבועות תש"א (2-1 ביוני 1941) השלטון העצמי בעיראק לא היה יציב מעולם . בין השנים 1950-1932 שלטו בה שלושה מלכים , 31 ממשלות ( לעומת 14 בי"א שנות המנדט הבריטי בשנים 1932-1921) ; 9 בתי-נבחרים (לעומת 3 בתקופת המנדט) , אשר רק שנים מהם ( זה שנבחר בשנת 1939 והאחרון) השלימו את ארבע שנות כהונתם . היו גם שש הפיכות , החל מהפיכת בכר צדקי ועד הפיכת 1941. מלחמת העולם השניה פרצה ב־3 בספטמבר 1939, כאשר השלטון בעיראק נמצא בידי נורי א־סעיד, הידוע כפרו-בריטי. הוא קיים את תנאי החוזה עם בריטניה משנת 1930 וניתק את היחסים הדיפלומאטיים של עיראק עם גרמניה הנאצית והנתינים הגרמניים נכלאו בחבאניה. מעשיו עוררו את חמת הפרו-נאצים שחיפשו הזדמנות להפיל את השלטון הקיים. העוצר, נורי א־סעיד ותומכיהם ברחו לעבר הירדן ומשם לארץ־ישראל. עיראק בגדה באנגליה, שרק בזכותה קיבלה את העצמאות, ונתנה את ידה לגרמניה הנאצית. איטיות זאת היתה בעוכריהם ובנפשם של היהודים. מיד עם עלות רשיד עלי, הבינו יהודי עיראק שגורלם נחתך. עם בריחת רשיד עלי לברלין, הוקמה בבגדאד ממשלה זמנית. אחד מנציגי השלטון הזמני, נאם ברדיו ביום השבת, ערב חג השבועות, והודיע כי למחרתו (ביום ראשון, ו' סיון תש"א) תוקם ממשלה חוקית ותבוטל ההאפלה בעיר. ביום ראשון ו' סיון הגיע העוצר לשדה תעופה של בגדאד (הרחוק כשני קילומטרים מן העיר). הטבח הפראי החל בחג השבועות, בימים ראשון ושני ו' - ז' בסיון תש"א (2-1 ביוני 1941). ביום הראשון לפני הצהרים הלכו נכבדי היהודים יחד עם שאר ה"מכובדים" לקבל את פני העוצר. מצב רוחם המרומם של היהודים לא נעם לחיילים ולשוטרים האזרחים; ובחזרתם התנפלו יחד עם האספסוף המוסלימי על היהודים ברחובות הראשיים וערכו בהם טבח רב. ביום השני ניתנה פקודה לאספסוף ללכת למרכז המשטרה ולקחת משם נשק. חנויות היהודים סומנו עוד קודם לכן בסימן אדום ומשום כך לא נפרצו חנויות של לא יהודים. בראש השודדים צעדו אנשי צבא ומשטרה והם אשר עודדו את האספסוף למעשיהם המתועבים. קציני משטרה גבוהים הביאו משאיות והעמיסו עליהם את הרכוש אשר שדדו מבתים וחנויות של יהודים. בשעות הבוקר של היום השני, בשעה שבחוצות בגדאד השתוללו המהומות, עסק העוצר בהרכבת הממשלה החדשה, וג'מיל אל - מדפעי מונה לראש הממשלה. באותו זמן בשעה 10.45 שודרה ברדיו פקודת עוצר בית. סמוך לצהרים נכנס לעיר צבא עיראקי חדש מן הצפון, שנשבע אימונים לעוצר ושהיה מורכב ברובו מכורדים. צבא זה קיבל פקודה לפזר את הפורעים. לאחר יריות אחדות התפזר האספסוף לכל רוח. עשרות פורעים נהרגו. אחה"צ השתררה דומייה בעיר ההריגה. Note: Opinions expressed in comments are those of the authors alone and not necessarily those of Daniel Pipes. Original writing only, please. Comments are screened and in some cases edited before posting. Reasoned disagreement is welcome but not comments that are scurrilous, off-topic, commercial, disparaging religions, or otherwise inappropriate. For complete regulations, see the "Guidelines for Reader Comments". Reader comments (38) on this item |
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